Ministry of Education 《Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary》

1. The chronology starts from the time of Huangdi, following the sequential order of the reign of each dynasty, up to the abdication of the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty in 1911.
2. The beginning of a dynasty is counted on the first year of its establishment. Dynasties that were not recognized as legitimate sovereign in history (e.g., Sixteen kingdoms of Five Ethnic Groups, Ten Kingdoms etc.) are also included in the table for consistency.
3. The reign of each dynasty is based on the Revised Edition of the Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary.